How is a topical medication absorbed?

Topical medications are specifically designed to be applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes, where they can exert a localized effect or be absorbed into the systemic circulation. When a medication is applied to the skin, it penetrates the outer layers and is absorbed through the dermis, allowing it to enter the bloodstream or target underlying tissues. This method of absorption is ideal for medications intended to treat conditions localized to the skin or for providing systemic effects with minimal side effects, as they bypass the gastrointestinal tract and the first-pass metabolism that occurs with oral medications.

In contrast, gastrointestinal absorption involves medications being taken orally and processed through the digestive system, inhalation refers to drugs absorbed through the respiratory tract, and injections involve administering medication directly into the muscle or bloodstream. Each of these other routes serves different purposes and is tailored to specific medical scenarios, which is why they are not applicable in the context of how topical medications are absorbed.